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They consist of two fatty acids groups that are connected through a glycerol backbone to a Phosphate ester group. Hundreds of different PL molecules have been described, but the major types are the phosphatidyl-phospholipids. The functional ingredients of Lecithin are Phosphorus containing lipids called Phospholipids (PL). Although more research is warranted to determine minimum dietary Phospholipid requirements for optimal sporting performance, these findings suggest that some participants might benefit from dietary interventions that increase the intakes of PC and PS. More recently, short term oral supplementation (750 mg per day of S-PS for 10 days) has been demonstrated to improve exercise capacity during high intensity cycling and tended to increase performance during intermittent running. Short term oral supplementation with soy-derived PS (S-PS) has been reported to attenuate circulating cortisol concentrations, improve perceived well-being, and reduce perceived muscle soreness after exercise. Although the available data that evaluates the effects of PC supplementation on performance are equivocal, acute oral supplementation with PC (~0.2 g PC per kg body mass) has been demonstrated to improve performance in a variety of sporting activities where exercise has depleted circulatory choline concentrations. As choline is a pre-cursor to the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine, this finding has encouraged researchers to investigate the hypothesis that supplementation with PC (or choline salts) could enhance sporting performance.

The participation in prolonged intense exercise has been shown to reduce circulatory choline concentrations in some individuals. The participation in physical activity often challenges a variety of physiological systems consequently, the ability to maintain normal cellular function during activity can determine sporting performance. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and Phosphatidylserine (PS) are Phosphatidyl-phospholipids that are required for normal cellular structure and function. Phospholipids are essential components of all biological membranes.

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